Australia's climate can generally be divided into five areas. Summers & winters are the reverse to those in Europe, so summer is Nov-Mar & winter Apr-Oct.
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Central Australia; including Alice Springs & Ayers Rock, is a vast desert region, the sun shines practically every day & rainfall is scarce. Temperatures are extremely hot during summer & cooler during winter, however temperatures can be chilly during the evening. Rain falls during winter months (Apr-Oct) in the south of this region & in the north during the summer period (Nov-Mar).
North & Northeast Australia; including Darwin in the north, round to Cairns & the Great Barrier Reef & down to Brisbane. This area has a tropical climate, hot & sunny all year. The rainy monsoon arrives between Nov-Mar making humidity high especially along the coast, however the sun still manages to shine for a good number of hours each day. Cyclones can batter northern coasts several times a year.
Southeast Australia; including Sydney & Melbourne, has warm to hot summers on the coast & hot temperatures inland which quite often produce long periods of drought. Winters can be cold inland but this is unusual on the coast. The weather can be changeable throughout the region with rain at any time of the year, although more so in coastal areas.
Southern & Western Australia; including Perth & Adelaide, have a Mediterranean-type climate. Summer temperatures can be hot particularly inland & winters are mild. Rain falls mostly during winter (Apr-Oct), Perth being wetter than Adelaide, cyclones may also occur during this time bringing strong winds.
Tasmania; lies off the south coast of Australia, has warm summers & cold, wet winters. Generally conditions here are similar to the south coast mainland but wetter, cloudier & cooler. Changeable weather prevails throughout the year, including heavy snowfalls in the mountains.
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Central Australia; light clothes supplemented with warmer wear for evenings
North & Northeastern Australia; light clothes & rainwear between Nov-Mar, although rainwear would be appropriate all year towards Brisbane.
Southeast Australia; light clothes with something warmer for winter or slightly heavier if travelling inland. Rainwear for coastal areas.
Southern & Western Australia; light clothes for summer, warmer wear & rainwear for winter
Tasmania; mix of clothes needed, light, heavy & rainwear.